"Barbarism and Religion"--Edward Gibbon's own phrase--is the title of an acclaimed sequence of works by John Pocock designed to situate Gibbon, and his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, in a series of contexts in the history of Europe. This is a major intervention from one of the world's leading historians, challenging the idea of a single "Enlightenment" with Paris at its center: through Gibbon a plurality of enlightenments in fact emerge, of which the English, an ecclesiastical as well as a secular phenomenon, was one.